Fabrication and process operations carry a disproportionate share of the specified injuries reported under RIDDOR, most of them involving machinery. The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 set the duties on guarding, controls, maintenance and inspection; the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 add thorough examination for cranes, hoists and forklifts; and the Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations govern what a new machine must arrive with.

The occupational health risks are slower and just as serious: welding fume and other hazardous substances under COSHH, noise under the Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 with its action values at 80 and 85 decibels, hand-arm vibration under the Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005, and manual handling. Health surveillance is a legal requirement where the assessment shows exposure that could cause disease, and since 2019 the HSE has treated all welding fume as carcinogenic, with local exhaust ventilation expected indoors.

A fabricator’s or processor’s arrangements have to work across shifts, contractors and maintenance, which is where permit-to-work, lock-out tag-out and contractor control decide whether the policy means anything at three in the morning.